An Explanation of Wechsler Intelligence Tests

An Explanation of Wechsler Intelligence Tests The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) is an intelligence test which determines an individual childs  IQ, or intelligence quotient. It was developed by Dr. David Wechsler (1896-1981), who was the chief psychologist of New York Citys Bellevue Psychiatric Hospital. The test that is typically administered today is the 2014 revision of the test that was originally devised in 1949. It is known as WISC-V. Over the years, the WISC test has been updated several times, each time changing the name to represent the proper edition of the test. At times, some institutions will still utilize older versions of the test. In the latest WISC-V, there are new and separate Visual Spatial and Fluid Reasoning index scores, as well as  new measures of the following skills: Visual spatial abilityQuantitative fluid reasoningVisual working memoryRapid automatized naming/naming facilityVisual-verbal associative memory Dr. Wechsler developed two other commonly used intelligence tests: the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI). WPPSI is designed to assess children aged 3 to 7 years and 3 months. The WISC essentially outlines  students intellectual strengths and weaknesses and provides insight into their overall cognitive abilities and potential. The test also compares children to peers of a similar age. In the most general terms, the goal is to determine the potential for a child to grasp new information. While this assessment can be a great predictor of potential, the IQ level is, by no means, a guarantee of success or failure.   Where the Wechsler Test Is Used Private schools serving children in 4th through 9th grades often use WISC-V as part of their admissions testing procedures, which may be in place of, or in addition to, other admission testing like the SSAT. Those private schools that use it do so to determine both a childs intelligence and his or her performance in school relative to that intelligence level. What the Test Determines WISC determines a childs intellectual capabilities. It is frequently used to diagnose learning difference, such as  ADD or ADHD. The test also helps to assess strengths in order to determine  gifted children. The WISC test indices are verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed. The subtests allow precise modeling of a childs intellectual abilities and readiness for learning. Interpreting the Test Data Pearson Education, a company that sells the Wechsler testing products, also scores the tests. The clinical data that the tests provide helps the admissions staff develop a complete understanding of your childs intellectual strengths and weaknesses. However, the wide range of assessment scores can be daunting for many and difficult to understand. Not only do school officials, like teachers and admission representatives, need to understand these reports and what the scores mean, but also the parents.   According to the Pearson Education Website, there are options for the type of score reporting available for the WISC-V, which will provide a narrative explanation of the scores including (the following bullet points are quoted from the website): Narrative summary of the child’s background, history, and test behaviorsInterpretation of the Full Scale IQ and all primary, ancillary, and complementary index scoresIntegration of the reason for referral in test score interpretationRecommendations based on WISC–V performanceOptional Parent Summary Report Preparing for the Test Your child cannot prepare for WISC-V or other IQ tests by studying or reading. These tests are not designed to test what you know or how much you know, but rather, they are designed to determine the test-takers capacity to learn. Typically tests like the WISC consist of tasks that assess various measures of intelligence, including spatial recognition, analytical thinking, mathematical ability, and even short-term memory. As such, just make sure that your child gets plenty of rest and relaxation before the test. The school is accustomed to administering these tests and will instruct your child what to do at the appropriate time.

Simple vs. Progressive Tenses Explanation and Quiz

Simple vs. Progressive Tenses Explanation and Quiz Here is a comparison between simple and simple progressive tenses. As a rule of thumb please remember that any form of the progressive can only be used with an action verb. Nonprogressive verbs include: Mental States knowbelieveimaginewantrealizefeeldoubtneedunderstandsupposerememberpreferrecognizethinkforgetmean Emotional State lovehatefearmindlikedislikeenvycareappreciate Possession possesshaveownbelong Sense Perceptions tastehearseesmellfeel Other Existing States seemcostbeconsistoflookoweexistcontainappearweighinclude The following exceptions apply to the above:(As an activity) think I am thinking about this grammarhave She is having a good time.taste The chef is tasting the saucesmell He is smelling the flowers.see I am seeing the doctor this afternoon.feel Peter isnt feeling very well today.look They are looking at the picture.appear The big star is appearing at the local theater.weigh The butcher is weighing the steak.be Sally is being stupid. Keeping these verbs in mind, look at the following chart to review the use of the simple progressive tenses (past, present, and future) and the simple tenses (past present, and future). Simple Progressive Tenses (Past, Present, and Future) Continuous Activity:Â  Used to emphasize the continuous nature of any given activity. Examples: I was watching television at 8 oclock last night. Fred is speaking on the telephone at the moment. They will be eating lunch at Harolds tomorrow.Activity in Progress Intersected by a Non-continuous Activity:Â  I was watching television when Susan telephoned. They will be working in the garden when you arrive.Two Continuous Activities Occurring at the Same Time: Peter was cooking dinner while I was working at the computer. Simple Tenses (Past, Present, and Future) Habitual Activity:Â  Used to talk about repeated, regular or habitual activities. Examples: I went to school at 8 oclock when I was a child. I usually take the bus to work Hell commute to work after he moves.Non-continuous Activity: The boys bought some new coats yesterday. They will arrive at 7 oclock.Two Habitual Events:Â  She kept the books and he advised the clients at their last job. Special use of the Progressive: We often use the progressive form to express annoyance at a repeated action. In this case, a time expression such as always, forever, continually, etc. must be inserted between the auxiliary and the verb. Examples:Â  Tom is always complaining about his job! Mary was forever leaving work early. Take the Quiz After having reviewed the usage the simple vs. the simple progressive forms, take the following quiz to check your understanding. Check your answers on the following page. When you arrive tomorrow, I a) will cooking b) will be cooking c) cook dinner.Tom a) was washing the car b) washed the car while I was reading the newspaper.They a) visited b) was visiting the Metropolitan Museum of Art yesterday.She a) will be participating b) will participate in tomorrows race.Jack a) always complains b) is always complaining about how little he earns.They a) will be going b) will go to work by train for the next month.Frank a) is thinking b) thinks Peter is a bit stupid at the moment.Debbie a) is smelling b) smells the flowers in the garden now.I a) was working b) worked in the basement when you a) were arriving b) arrived. Check Your Answers When you arrive tomorrow, I a) will cooking b) will be cooking c) cook dinner.bTom a) was washing the car b) washed the car at the same time I was reading the newspaper.aThey a) visited b) was visiting the Metropolitan Museum of Art yesterday.aShe a) will be participating b) will participate in tomorrows race.bJack a) always complains b) is always complaining about how little he earns.bThey a) will be going b) will go to work by train for the next month.bFrank a) is thinking b) thinks Peter is a bit stupid at the moment.bDebbie a) is smelling b) smells the flowers in the garden now.aI a) was working b) worked in the basement when you a) were arriving b) arrived.a, b

Sexual transmitted Infection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sexual transmitted Infection - Essay Example Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most commonly diagnosed bacterial sexually transmitted infection. In women, it causes endometritis, mucopurulent cervicitis and urethritis. Mucopurulent cervicitis can cause of pelvic inflammatory disease, salpingitis, ectopic pregnancy, tubal factor infertility, chorioamnionitis, puerperal and neonatal infections and epididymitis. In men, untreated chlamydial infections can cause epididymitis and proctitis. Chlamydia is associated with an elevated risk of transmission of HIV and for the development of cervical carcinoma. Women are the potential source of infection to their partners since they carry the major burden of the disease (Malhotra, et al., 2013). In men, C. trachomatis can cause acute epididymis, nongonococcal urethritis and urethral strictures (Shaw, et al., 2011). Chlamydia is often asymptomatic but patients may experience pain during urination, unusual discharge from the vagina, penis and rectum. Women may experience abdominal pain, bl eeding during or after sex and bleeding in between periods while men have swelling in the testicles. Chlamydia trachomatis diagnosis is done through nucleic acid amplification tests such as polymerase chain reaction, ligase chain reaction, and transcription mediated amplification assays since they are non-invasive and perform well. The tests are highly specific and are more sensitive compared to the traditional method of tissue culture. Enzyme immune assays and direct nucleic acid probe assays can also be used in detecting chlamydial.

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 17

Human Resource Management - Essay Example m of this study is to highlight the main reasons for the staff turnover and to recommend strategies to reduce the staff turnover within the organization. Before moving into the company and details of the employee turnover, it is essential to get a brief overview of the overall travel and tourism industry of UK. This will then be followed by brief overview of Thomas Cook and its employees and the major causes for the staff turnover. The UK travel and tourism industry is one of the largest across the world. The country has continuous inbound traffic from across the world. The country has been recognized to have ‘league position’ in terms of the international tourist entering the country as well as the earnings that the country gains from the tourist (Visit Britain - Trends, 2010). The graph below provides a clear view of the country’s overall overseas visits. The graph clearly shows that the visiting of the country has lowered by 11% when compared to April 2009 (National Statistics, 2010). However the decrease in terms of the corresponding period to the earlier year has been a decrease of 4% (Visit Britain, 2010). The above graph provides a clear view of the international inbound travel. This graph has been provided to give a brief overview of the country’s overall travel and tourism market (Visit Britain - Trends, 2010). The next section will provide a detailed overview of Thomas Cook and the issues being faced within the company, pertaining to the employees and the turnover rate. Thomas Cook is recognized to be one of the world’s best and most well known names in the field of travel. The company was started in 1841 and catered to one – day rail excursions. The company has grown from this and has grown to be the most renowned company across the UK. The company deals with a wide range of services currently and these include flights, hotels, holiday packages, cruises and a number of city breaks. Thomas Cook has a wide number of employees and the company

Discussion Essay Qustion Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Discussion Qustion - Essay Example These winds are also known to change their directions every now and then, especially during the night. Sea and land winds are the ones we encounter on a daily basis. These winds are not much strong when compared with Santa Ana winds (Kissell, 2011). Santa Ana winds on the other hand flows at a distance relatively high from the surface of the earth. These winds are dry and extremely strong. Santa Ana winds are known to originate from the inland. Noticeable effects of these winds have been seen in the coastal regions of Southern California. Geologists have further provided that Santa Ana winds do not take any specific direction (Kissell, 2011). When a wind firm wants to put a new turbine, for electricity generation, they must put into consideration the direction of the wind. For the case of land and mountain winds, the turbine should be set in a manner that allows flexibility based on the direction of the wind at that specific moment. A fixed turbine may be put in place when considering Santa Ana winds as they do not have a specific direction. Situating turbines on mountainous locations may pose the problem of power evacuation and maintenance. Sea and land winds are believed to be important since they are available on flat ground/terrains (Chiras Sagrillo & Woofenden, 2010). They are thereby used in generation of electrical energy. Implementation of the local grid is also easier on flat

Causes Of The Peloponnese War History Essay

Causes Of The Peloponnese War History Essay Thucydides an Athenian aristocrat and veteran of the Peloponnesian War documented the war from the beginning of the conflict in 431 BC to its conclusion in 404 BC. His on the scene reporting was the first of its kind and has been used by historians and political theorists for the last twenty four hundred years. Thucydides documentation of Athenian political and military actions prior to the war has been the basis of realists theory in the world of international relations. From an international relations perspective his analysis of war squarely points the finger at Athens and its quest for power in the Delian League and the region. Athens dominance in the Delian League allowed it to convert the alliance into an Athenian Empire that threatened the entire region and shifted the balance of power in the region. As Athens power grew it took on an imperialistic and militaristic policy that not only threatened its alliance but neutral states as well. The change in Athenian attitudes toward n eutral states can be seen in its response to Melos elders concerns over Athens attempts to take over their state, the strong do what they will and the weak suffer what they must.  [1]  Sparta, the premiere military power in Greece felt its influence weakening as Athens power began to creep into Spartan spheres of authority. Athens power spread throughout Spartan sphere of influence with alliances with city states such as Corcyra. Sparta viewed the rise of these alliances and the Athenian Navy as a direct threat to their and allies resources and food supply. The super power status of Sparta was giving way to the imperialistic moves of the Athenian city state. For much of the period prior to the Peloponnesian War Sparta was the premiere military force in Greece. Spartas society was a 400 year old stratified, militaristic system that bread men for war. Spartas military was the envy of the Greek world and its hoplite army the model of efficiency. Spartas men were allowed to spend all their time training for war due to Spartas large helot slave population. The helots tended to all agricultural and manual labor requirements for the state which allowed the men of Sparta to concentrate of military tactics. The primary function of the Sparta army was to defend the city and its colonies from any outside threat or in the event of a helot uprising. Due to the extremely large helot population, Spartas army was on a constant state of readiness to counter any helot insurgency. This war like mentality spread Spartas reputation to all corners of Greece allowing it to seize the status of super power. With Athens emergence as the other super power after the Persian wars it provided a balance of power in Greece and allowed the formation of opposing political systems and alliances. Sparta lead the Peloponnesian League, a group of oligary city states that benefited from Spartas vast land army for protection. Athens led the Delian League, a group of democratic city states that came together to defend the region against further Persian aggression. Athens assumed command of all military matters, dictated and allotted the distribution of league contributions. Athens with the resources of the Delian League began to tilt the balance of power and threaten Spartas position as a super power. Ultimately, Athens dominance threatened commerce and trade throughout the region causing the Spartan lead Peloponnesian League to take military action against Athens and the Delian League. According to Thucydides the cause of the war was the fear of the growth of the power of Athens.  [2]  At the conclusion of the Persian Wars Athens had become the undisputed leader in Greece, the School of Hellas, and for thirty years was to enjoy the faboulus Golden Age. Under Pericles leadership Athens grew in austereity becoming the fitting home for unsurpassed intellectual and artistic achievements. To enure Greeces prosperity and defend against a possible Perisian invasion, a coalition of city states formed the Delian League. Due to Athens standing as a naval power after the Persian War it assumed the primary leadership role. The primary purpose of the Delian league was to create and fund a standing navy to defend against future Persian raids into Delian held territory. Initially as a way to fund the league, members provided Athens an annual tribute of money or ships. Athens appointed financial officers to manage the leagues treasury on the Island of Delos, the leagues headqu arters. In an effort to consolidate Athens power Pericles relocated the tresury from Delos to Athens. This event moved the focus from defending league members interests to improving Athens status as a regional power and raised Athens as Greeces cultural center. Athens at this point was keeping one sixtieth of all revenues to benefit its own wealth and projects. Under Pericles leadership Athens used league funds to build monuments such as the Parthenon on the Acropolis and improvements to Athens infastructure. It is a remarkable fact that the thirty-plus monuments, temples, and buildings that we associate with Athens of the Golden Age were built in about eight years, while Pericles dominated Athenian politics.  [3]  Additionally, league members lost control of their ships to Athens as Athens assumed control of all naval operations increasing its importance and power in the league. Athens control of league resources allowed it to prosper and enhance its influence across the regio n. The control of these reources was very important to Athens as a whole due to the area around the city not being suitable for producing a abundant supply of crops. Athens survivied because its navy controlled the seas and the colonies that produced the grain and other food stables for the city. This rise of influence came at the expense of league members as they witnessed their liberties and wealth decrease. The consolidation of Athenian power among league menbers had transformed the Delian league into the Athenian Empire. The alliance that was formed out of democratic ideals of prosperity and protection of league members began to tear apart. Athenian increase in power, to almost tyrant levels caused league members began to question its overall purpose due to the decreased threat from Persia. With a decreased threat from Persia some league members wished to limit tributary payments to Athens or leave the alliance all together. Naxos was the first city state to revolt but was forced back to allegiance  [4]  but they would would not be the last. Megara was one of the members of the league that wished to separate from Athens empire and allign itself with Corinth in the Peloponessian League. In a break with Athens, Megara had supplied ships to Corinth during the battle of Sybota in 433 and along with Corcyra assitance Athens soundly defeated the Corinthian Navy. In retaliation for supplying naval assistance to Corinth, Athens, at Pericles insistance imposed a trade embargo against the City Megara in th e form of the Megarian Decree. The Megarian Decree prevented Megara Merchants from trading with Athenian markets. Pericles may have used the issue of Megara inhabitants cultivating land that was consecrated to Demeter and the killing of a Athenian herald to put forth the decree.  [5]  The harshness of the decree seems more in line with Athens anger with Megaras Military support for Corinth during the battle of Sybota. As a result of the trade embargo Megara appealed to Sparta for help. Spartas King Archidamus was reluctant to provide aide to Megara due to the possibility of going to war with Athens. Some in Sparta wanted to use the Megara Decree to go to war with Athens to curb its growing power. Thucydides writes of Spartas growing concern with Athens power, The Spartans voted that war should be declared not so much because they were influenced by the speeches of their allies as because they were afraid of the further growth of Athenian power.  [6]  Sparta and its allies in the Peloponnesian League believ ed that Athens actions were another attempt to enhance Athens power in the region and that a line needed to be drawn if Peloponnesian League was to maintain a power position in the region. In attempt to avoid war Sparta dispatched ambassadors to Athens to give a last minute ultimatum. Diodorus of Sicily documents Spartas diplomatic event, And the Spartans dispatched ambassadors, ordering the Athenians to rescind the action against the Megarians and threatening, if they did not accede, to wage war upon them together with the forces of their allies.  [7]  This approach goes directly against the Athens/Sparta agreement to settle disagreements by arbitration. The ultimatum also fuels the fires of war within the Athenian assembly and its master politician Pericles. The Athenian assembly gathered in 432 BC to hear in the Spartan ultimatum to withdraw the Megara Decree or face war with the Peloponnesian League. At the head of the Athenian government was Pericles a noted general (strategoi) and statesman. Under Pericles leadership Athens transformed the Delian league into a tool for Athenian imperialism. Pericles known for his great oratory skills used the moment to deliver his famous speech highlighting Athens glory during the ritual burying of the dead. His speech incited the assembly by saying that for them to accede to the demands of the Spartans, contrary to their own interests, would be the first step toward slavery  [8]  . Pericles reminded the assembly for the Athens that I have celebrated is only what the heroism of these and their like have made her, men whose fame, unlike that of most Hellenes, will be found to be only commensurate with their deserts.  [9]  Pericles lectured the assembly that Sparta had no right to dictate Athen s policies and how it used the resources of its alliance. He also reminded the assembly that it was Sparta that was breaking established doctrine on disputes and that this action symbolized Spartas disrespect towards Athens position of power in the region. With the aid of Pericles speaking skills and assemblys confidence in its military and diplomatic abilities followed Pericles lead and rejected the Sparta ambassadors. Sparta and the Peloponnesian League followed the Athenian rejection with a declaration of war. Conflict between Athens and Spartan led Peloponnesian League was nothing new and had been brewing for some time. Athens and members of the Peloponnesian League had fought a series of pitched battles prior to this event with Athens emerging the victor each time. During the battle of Sybota Islands, Sparta witnessed their Megarans and Corinthians allies suffer significant defeats. As leader of the Peloponnesian League, Sparta felt increased pressure from league members to act militarily to counter Athens power. Sparta had grown weary of Athens military build-up and diplomatic activities in the area and had looked for reasons to counter her imperialistic actions. Athens building of the Long Walls in 479 BC had stirred great amount of resentment in Athens to the point of going to war over its construction. Sparta detested the building of the Long Walls and looked at this building as a major esc alation of military activities in the area. The building of the walls connected Athens with its port in Piraeus and virtually made Athens an island nation within Greece itself. The construction of the great walls was equivalent to todays US missile defense system. As with the missile defense system, the great walls had both a defensive and offensive capability and caused Sparta to view its construction as simply an offensive weapon system. The reason Sparta viewed this as an offensive weapon system is the port in Piraeus handled all of Athens grain shipments coming from Hellespont and the Black Sea Regions. The walls that connected Athens and Piraeus ensured Athens supply of grain and its survival as long as Athens controlled the sea. Additionally, the strategic value of the Long Walls rendered Spartas land army useless, eliminating its only military offensive capability. Since Sparta lacked a navy that could challenge Athens, the Long Walls were an additional weapon system that til ted the balance of power in Athens favor. Sparta in an effort to preserve its super power status and influence in the region was left with little recourse then to pursue war against Athens. Athens aggressive development of the Delian League into an Athenian Empire proved to be that catalyst to war. The imperialistic policies and actions of the Athenian City state caused Sparta to question its own security

muddle In A Puddle: Comparison Of Essay To My Life :: essays research papers

"Muddle In A Puddle": Comparison of Essay To My Life While reading the essay "Muddle in a Puddle," some very colorful images came to my mind about what I have done in my life that compare to this particular piece. Of all the times I have embarrassed myself by sticking my foot in my mouth, or by making a fool of myself by playing with a strange toy in the toy department, only to my surprise, everyone in the toy department was laughing at me. As Robert Herrick mentions in his poem "_O how that glittering taketh me!" (100 Best Loved Poems, 12) That's how I felt at that time. All of us have experienced things like this in our lives, and it is strange what makes it so interesting to watch people make fools of themselves, as mentioned by Baker in this quote, "...and any one could could have spoken out as one human might speak to another....not one had said that." (156) Yet another piece really spoke to me about the ways people communicate on a daily basis. "I led the Pigeons to the Flag" was very exact to the feelings I have of miscommunications and mishearings. I can remember times in which I have done the very same things that were mentioned in this essay, like singing a tune over and over out loud, then looking over the lyrics later. Only to my knowledge, my version of "Cannonball" was actually "Panama." The way we hear and say things is also very influential in the way others hold us in their standings. If someone catches us slipping up, they might think we are weird, or stupid. It could also be a good ice-breaker for a good friendly relationship. Sometimes not. It just depends where the people are from, and what the situations are at the time of the incident. I can remember a time, while at work at the funeral home, I was discussing school with a bereaving individual. I was trying to comfort this person, as I noticed she was very disturbed over the loss of a friend. It was around the time of finals, and she asked how they were going. I said "they're killing me!" Immediately I realized that I had said the right thing the wrong way. A million thoughts passed through my mind at that moment, as Baker had also mentioned. What was I to say to recover from this terrible thing. Change the subject? Repeat the phrase replacing killing with another mourning-friendly verb? Its hard to know what you can say around certain groups of people, or in